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Extreme weather and lack of prevention policies leave at least 22 dead and thousands homeless in 8 Brazilian states

Landslide in highway BR-367 in Paraná state

Credit: CENACID-UFPR

8 Dec 22

Extreme weather and lack of prevention policies leave at least 22 dead and thousands homeless in 8 Brazilian states

BAt least 22 people have died in 8 Brazilian states due to lack of planning for the rainy season between November and the first week of December. Around 22,800 people have been displaced, while another 3,171 are homeless due to the raings. The survey was done by CNN based on data released by the state Civil Defenses. 

The states of Santa Catarina, Paraná, Sergipe, Espírito Santo, Bahia, São Paulo, Minas Gerais, and Rio de Janeiro suffer from landslides, floods, and power outages as a result of atypical rainfall volumes and planning neglect from the authorities for the extreme events that increase in frequency with climate change. 

The month of November was marked by unusual weather episodes for the period, with atypical cold at the beginning of the month, followed by heavy rain, anticipating the summer rainy season. The forecast for the month of December is that storms will maintain a high volume and temperatures will rise throughout Brazil.

A survey by the Natural Disasters Observatory showed that, in the last 10 years, the deaths caused by lack of prevention to excessive rainfall and its consequences in Brazil totaled 1,756. The lives lost by floods until September this year already reached 457, which represents more than 25% of the total deaths in the decade. 

Despite this, Bolsonaro cut 99% of the budget allocated to natural disasters for 2023. The Ministry of Regional Development has reduced the budget for emergency disaster mitigation from R$2.8 million to a meager R$25,000. For the execution of projects and works of slope containment in urban areas, there was a cut of 94% of the resource, from R$ 53.9 million to R$ 2.7 million. “The amount that was destined was already small compared to the amount necessary for mitigation works. So, what was already too little, became even less,” points out Professor Pedro Luiz Côrtes from USP’s Institute of Energy and Environment.

In addition to avoidable deaths, climate collapse also brings significant economic losses. A survey by Swiss Re estimated losses from extreme weather events occurring in 2022 worldwide at $260 billion.

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Extreme Weather: Rain kills 109 in Pernambuco and leaves 6,000 homeless

There are still people missing after the heavy rain

Credit: TV Brasil

1 Jun 22

Extreme Weather: Rain kills 109 in Pernambuco and leaves 6,000 homeless

The torrential rains in the state of Pernambuco between May 25 and 29 have caused, so far, 109 deaths and are being considered the biggest tragedy in the state since the 1960s.

Most of the deaths were due to landslides, which, according to experts, could have been avoided with planning and public policies, especially for housing.

“We know that there is a housing deficit, but it is a deficit that needs to be solved  as quickly as possible, because if not, every year we are going to have this problem, we are going to play Russian roulette, like  ‘2023 is coming with the rains, who is going to die now? ,” said Professor Hernande Pereira da Silva, coordinator of the Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction of Pernambuco (IRRD).

The climate disaster also left more than 6,000 people homeless.

 

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Amazon and Northeast region are highly vulnerable to climate change, says IPCC

Brasil não está preparado para mitigar impactos, indica autor do estudo

Crédito: Otávio Nogueira/Flickr/via CC BY 2.0

28 Feb 22

Amazon and Northeast region are highly vulnerable to climate change, says IPCC

The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has released the second part of its 6th report, focusing on impacts and solutions to curb climate change. The first part, released in August 2021, highlighted the impact of human action on the Earth’s climate system.

The O Eco website made a thorough analysis of the main impacts expected for Brazil. If the levels of greenhouse gas emissions remain high, the Northeast region may have a reduction in rainfall of up to 22%, becoming a semi-desert region, and “droughts in the Amazon region associated with deforestation and fires, could transform the humid forest into a savanna region,” indicates the article. Among the other impacts of climate change for Brazil are lethal heat waves, floods and the colapse of agriculture.

“Brazil is not adapting to climate change. There is the National Adaptation Plan, but it hasn’t been implemented yet. Look at the issue of reforestation of hillsides, which is an adaptation technique to avoid extreme climate events, if it had occurred in Petrópolis, we wouldn’t have had this disaster that we saw. Any climate adaptation mechanism that does not take into account the functioning of ecosystems is obviously doomed to failure,” said Paulo Artaxo, one of the researchers involved in the report.

 

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Rural leader's 9-year-old son is murdered in Pernambuco

Region where the murder happened has registered many conflicts involving land

Credit: Reproduction/WhatsApp/Via G1

11 Feb 22

Rural leader’s 9-year-old son is murdered in Pernambuco

A 9 year-old, Jonatas de Oliveira, the son of rural leader Geovane da Silva Santos, was shot dead by hooded men who invaded the family’s house in the municipality of Barreiros, in the Zona Mata Sul, near Recife (PE).  Geovane was shot in the shoulder. Jonatas’ mother and three other children were also at the scene, but were not injured.

Geovane da Silva Santos is the president of the Association of Residents of Engenho Roncadorzinho, a community formed by family farmers about 40 years ago. The settlement arose after the bankruptcy of the companies where they worked or were creditors, such as Santo André Mill and Central Barreiros.

The region “has been under several threats and violence promoted by companies that economically exploit the area, with intimidation, destruction of crops and contamination of water sources and waterholes on the property through the targeted and criminal application of highly toxic pesticides”, denounces the Pernambuco Federation of Agricultural Workers (Fetape). According to local farmers heard by G1, the family’s house had already been the target of other attacks.

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Climate emergency: heavy rains affect 629,000 people in Bahia and leave 24 dead

Bolsonaro didn’t interrumpt his vacations to aid the crysis

Credit: Marinha do Brasil/@marmilbr via Twitter

29 Dec 21

Climate emergency: heavy rains affect 629,000 people in Bahia and leave 24 dead

Heavy storms that are falling since the end of November have left a trail of destruction in the state of Bahia, especially in the southwest and south regions. In all, 629,398 people were affected, 434 were injured and 24 died as a result of the rains. So far, 136 cities remain under a decree of emergency situation.

In a two-day interval, two large dams broke in the state, aggravating the situation of the riverside populations. The first was in Vitória da Conquista, on December 25, and the second in the municipality of Jussiape, in the Chapada Diamantina region, on December 26.

On vacation, President Jair Bolsonaro denied the humanitarian aid offered by Argentina to the victims, and also compared the tragedy to the economic effects of the restrictive measures against Covid-19 adopted by governors and the “people of Bahia”, in reference to the state government, led by the PT’s Rui Costa.

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Federal Police concludes investigation into 2019 oil spill and points to Greek ship as responsible

Oil stains at a beach in the state of Rio Grande do Norte

Credit: Prefeitura de Nísia Floresta/via G1

2 Dec 21

Federal Police concludes investigation into 2019 oil spill and points to Greek ship as responsible

The Federal Police (PF) has concluded investigations into the oil spill that affected more than a thousand locations on the coast of Brazil in the second half of 2019. According to the PF, a Greek oil tanker was responsible for the crime. “The company, which did not have its name revealed, had its owners, the captain and the ship’s chief engineer indicted for the practice of the crimes of pollution, breach of environmental obligation and damage to conservation units (articles 40, 54 and 68 of Law 9.605/98),” indicated a G1 story.

At the time of the incident, President Jair Bolsonaro and former Environment Minister Ricardo Salles publicly accused the NGO Greenpeace and Venezuela of involvement in the crime, considered the most extensive in area in the country. 

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Offshore oil blocks auction near maritime reserves has no bidders, following environmentalists outcry

The threat to ecologically sensitive reserves was ignored by the government

Credit: Agência Brasil/via Pública

7 Oct 21

Offshore oil blocks auction near maritime reserves has no bidders, following environmentalists outcry

Only five of the 92 areas offered for extraction of oil and natural gas in the 17th Auction Round of exploratory blocks by the National Oil Agency (ANP) were sold, all in the Santos Basin, off the coast of São Paulo. Despite the failure, the general director of the ANP, Rodolfo Saboia, called the auction “a success”.

The 17th round of the ANP has been the target of intense protests by scientists, environmentalists and state governments, as 14 of the areas offered are close to the vital marine sanctuaries for Brazil’s reef ecosystem, such were the cases of Fernando de Noronha, Pernambuco state, and Atol das Rocas, Rio Grande do Norte. The Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio) considered, via a technical note, “reckless” to include the Potiguar Basin (RN) region in the auction.

The environmental threat was identified as one of the reasons for the low interest from bidders. “The best definition of this auction is high risk: discovery risk, logistical risk, environmental risk” stated Magda Chambriard, former director general of the ANP, to the newspaper Folha de S. Paulo.

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Since 2008, 333 people were rescued from slave labor in gold mining camps

Bolsonaro administration has weakened operations against slave labor

Credit: MTP via Observatório da Mineração

6 Jul 21

Since 2008, 333 people were rescued from slave labor in gold mining camps

An unprecedented survey conducted by the Mining Observatory [Observatório da Mineração] revealed that, from 2008 to 2021, government officials rescued 333 workers in conditions of slavery from mining camps in Brazil. The Special Mobile Inspection Group (GEFM) of the Undersecretariat of Labor Inspection carried out 31 operations carried out in the period, in partnership with environmental inspection agencies and the Federal Police. The majority of the actions happened in the Amazon and Northeast regions; the State of Pará led the list, with 12 operations.

When heard by the Observatory, Magno Riga, coordinator of the GEFM, declared that with the extinction of the Ministry of Labor by Jair Bolsonaro’s government compromised the fight against slave labor. “We lost autonomy. Now we need to inform in advance and go through a series of procedures. They strangled us” he said.

Since 2019, indigenous people and civil society organizations denounce the advance of illegal mining activity in protected areas and traditional territories.

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Bolsonaro’s administration loosens regulations for new developments in Fernando de Noronha National Park

Changes will be effective starting May

Credit: claphoteau/Flickr/via CC BY-NC 2.0

30 Apr 21

Bolsonaro’s administration loosens regulations for new developments in Fernando de Noronha National Park

The Ministry of the Environment has weakened the demands needed for new constructions in the urban area of Fernando de Noronha National Park, a region that has been the target of the government’s loosening of environmental protection measures. The publication of decree No. 242, last April 20, changes the rules of the archipelago’s Environmental Protection Area (APA), eliminating the need for authorization from ICMBio for the construction or renovation of buildings in the island’s urban area that are larger than 450 m².

“ICMBio’s authorization will not be necessary for enterprises or activities located entirely in the urban zone of the APA, according to the zoning presented in this management plan,” says the text.

The change was signed by the Military Police Colonel Fernando Cesar Lorencini, president of ICMBio, appointed by Ricardo Salles.

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Environmental agents criticize license for hotel construction inside coastal protected area

A superintend, named by the minister, authorized the construction

Credit: Edwiges Lopes Tavares/Wikimedia Commons/via CC BY-SA 4.0

24 Nov 20

Environmental agents criticize license for hotel construction inside coastal protected area

IBAMA inspectors sent a technical note to the Federal Public Prosecution Office and to the Public Prosecution Office of the State of Bahia criticizing the authorization for the resumption of the construction of a luxury hotel in Praia do Forte (Forte Beach) authorized by Rodrigo Santos Alves, superintendent of the agency in the state. The endorsement annulled a previous decision by Ibama itself, which paralyzed the construction of a containment wall in the sand in front of the enterprise, at the risk of compromising the procreation of sea turtles on the site, as previously reported by the newspaper Estado de S. Paulo. A fine of R$ 7.5 million previously decreed by Ibama was also suspended.

The inspectors question the justifications given by Alves for the continuation and reaffirm the legitimacy of the previous inspection. “The entire team was unanimous in stating that the place where the wall was being built was a strip of beach sand. The materiality and authorship of the infraction are obvious, since upon arriving at the site of the intervention, the team from Ibama verified that the company was constructing irregularly and with very serious environmental impacts a containment wall on the beach sand”, says the technical note, to which the Estado de S. Paulo had access.

Appointed by the Minister of the Environment to the position, Rodrigo Santos Alves is also an entrepreneur and a real estate investor who works with luxury properties on the Brazilian coast.

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Federal environmental agency allows construction of  resort on endangered turtle’s conservation beach in the Northeast

The resort construction was once prohibited and fined by Ibama itself

Credit: Projeto Tamar/Handout

19 Nov 20

Federal environmental agency allows construction of resort on endangered turtle’s conservation beach in the Northeast

The superintendent of the Brazilian Environmental Agency (Ibama) of Northeast state of Bahia, Rodrigo Santos Alves, authorized, against a previous technical decision by Ibama itself, the resumption of the construction works of a luxury beach resort in Praia do Forte; the enterprise poses risks to the procreation of endangered turtles species, according to conservation experts.

Nominated by Ricardo Salles in June 2019, Rodrigo Santos Alves gave his approval for the installation of a wall directly on the sand, in front of the hotel, in the sand, compromising the reproduction of the turtles, which advance to the shore to spawn. A fine of R$ 7.5 million that had been applied against the enterprise was also withdrawn. According to an article by O Estado de São Paulo, Alves, who is a partner of real estate broker Remax Jazz, which operates with luxury properties on the coast of Bahia, did not visit the site of the works, and justified his decision by claiming that “the licensor must balance the complex and often conflicting values between the environmental impact and the importance of the activity or venture, always seeking to promote ‘productive and pleasant harmony between the human being and his environment.

Also about Salles political and ideological usage of Ibama, newspaper O Estado de S. Paulo published last week a report of an audit carried out in October by the Federal Audit Court (TCU) that points to the irregular appointment of military personnel to Ibama’s high ranking positions promoted by the Minister of the Environment. The practice even disrespects legal requirements of the government itself, such as meeting criteria related to professional experience and academic training. The report analyzed eight nominations made by Salles.

As the newspaper reported, “none of these nominations meets the basic requirements of Decree 9727 published by President Bolsonaro in March 2019, with the promise to honor the ‘meritocracy’ in hiring rather than political sponsorship in government.

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Minister weakens protection at Fernando de Noronha national park and attacks congressman with childish remarks

Salles signs a permit to allow sardines fishing in the region

Credit: Globo/Reproduction

28 Oct 20

Minister weakens protection at Fernando de Noronha national park and attacks congressman with childish remarks

The minister of the Environment, Ricardo Salles, arrived in Fernando de Noronha National Park on October 28 and, in a few days, left the mark of his management in the region.

In the company of Marcelo Álvaro Antônio, Minister of Tourism, Salles granted to the private initiative the Boldró Viewpoint, a federal property that, according to the terms of the call notice opened by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio), will house services of food and beverage, souvenirs and reception of visitors for an indefinite time. On the 30th, together with the Secretary of Fisheries, Jorge Seif Junior, and the president of ICMBio, Fernando Cesar Lorencini, Salles announced the authorization for sardine fishing within the Fernando de Noronha National Park. The measure was celebrated by President Bolsonaro, who congratulated the Secretary of Fisheries in a post on social media.

As pointed out by O Estado de S. Paulo, the decision ignores a technical opinion contrary to the release issued by ICMBio itself in 2016. The document, to which the report had access, warns that “making an exception for sardine fishing may imply precedent for greater pressure for the release of other fisheries” and that “there is no motivation in the contexts of biodiversity conservation, economic or historical tradition that justify the opening of the activity”.

The government of Pernambuco, where the conservation unit is located, has also expressed itself against the Minister’s decision. José Antônio Bertotti Júnior, Secretary of Environment and Sustainability of the state, declared in a note sent to the Fantástico TV show that the measure, in the long term, “will lead to the fragility of protection in the country and in extreme cases interfere with sustainable tourism practices, since it may alter the food selectivity of the shark, and may bring risks of attacks on the human population”.

Ricardo Salles’ passage through the archipelago was also the scenario of an institutional crisis. In response to a comment by Rodrigo Maia, president of the Chamber of Deputies, who criticized the minister’s stance on environmental protection measures, Salles’ official profile responded to the post by calling Maia “Nhonho,” a nickname given to the politician by government supporters, in reference to a character in the Mexican series “Chaves”. After the repercussion, Salles claimed that his account was invaded and did not recognize the author of the comment.

According to a survey conducted by Folha de S. Paulo, every 23 days on average, the Federal Public Ministry (MPF) requests the removal of Ricardo Salles’ minister for his actions against the environment. The frequency is due to the resistance of the Justice in complying with the request. Faced with the legal maneuvers by the prosecutors, which make it difficult to continue the process, the solution found is to appeal. “There has already been a postponement of a trial, erroneous distribution of an appeal, delay in citing the minister and even a challenge by the MPF’s Inspector General’s Office,” he said.

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Oil spill increases coral mortality

Coral collected in beach struck by oil spillage in the Brazilian coast

Crédito: Projeto Coral Vivo/Handout

26 Nov 19

Oil spill increases coral mortality

A study by the Biology Institute of the Federal  University of Bahia (UFBA)  showed that after the oil spill, the coral mortality on the coast of Bahia increased ten fold. According to the researchers, the bleaching rate for the corals, which is usually around 5% -6% of the organisms per year, is now in 52% in the studied regions. The study also detected  impacts on biodiversity of species; before the oil, there was an average number of 88 species; after, the number fell to 47.

Sources:

UOL

695 locations are affected by oil spillage

Navy and Ibama collect oil residues at Maragogi beach, Alagoas State

Crédito: Marinha do Brasil/via Fotos Públicas

20 Nov 19
Federal Police claims to have unveiled the vessel responsible for oil spillage

De acordo com a investigação, não há outro navio suspeito

Crédito: Reprodução

1 Nov 19

Federal Police claims to have unveiled the vessel responsible for oil spillage

The Federal Police carried operations with search warrants at a maritime agency that would be the representative of the Bouboulina ship – a potential suspect of the oil spill that is contaminating the Northeast. The Greek flagged Bouboulina vessel belongs to Delta Tankers, who in Brazil employed Lachmann Maritime Services as representative. The investigation used  satellite imagery in retrospect to locate the ship  and the origin of the crude oil. According to  the inquiry, there is no indication of another ship  that could have leaked or spilled crude oil coming from Venezuela. The Federal Prosecution Office informed that the estimate is that 2,500 tons of crude oil were spilled on the sea. They also claimed to have strong evidence that the ship’s captain and crew did not alert the competent authorities about the oil spill in the Atlantic Ocean.

Sources:

G1

“Fish are smart”

National Secretary of Fishery became a laughing stock after statement about the oil crisis

Crédito: Handout

31 Oct 19

“Fish are smart”

On a live streaming on YouTube, President Bolsonaro once again called the oil spill a “criminal act” and that the government has known and worked on it for the past two months.

Together with the National Secretary of Fishery on the video, they assured that fishing is not  forbidden in the affected  areas. “There is no  notification about  contaminations. The few we received were  about people covered in some oil  that used remover to  clean up,” the Fishery Secretary said, adding: “The fish is a smart animal. When he sees an oil patch there,  Captain (referring to president Bolsonaro), he  escapes, he is scared. So obviously you can eat your little  fish with  no worries; lobster, shrimp, all perfectly sane”, in another epic moment for the Brazilian internet. 

President Bolsonaro agreed with the Secretary of Fishery, complementing: “Obviously, sometimes, a turtle gets caught there in the oil patch – not to say that nothing happens right? One fish, one dolphin, it might happen, but it’s fine”. 

President Bolsonaro also affirmed that the investigations continue and that “it  is more than proven that the oil is from Venezuela. Maybe the  ‘left’ will  attack me because I said that”. He promised that, despite his busy agenda, he would visit the affected areas and “take a dive somewhere”. 

Still streaming, the president jumped on, to once again,  talk about how he plans to revoke the conservation status for the Angra dos Reis Bay, where he fantasizes of the “Brazilian Cancun” to attract foreign investors.

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Federal universities study impacts of oil spill

Facing the limited government response, universities are mobilizing

Crédito: João Moraes/Personal Archive/via Agência Brasil

24 Oct 19

Federal universities study impacts of oil spill

Since the beginning of the oil spill crisis, federal universities and research centers have played an important role in the monitoring, analysing and supporting of the cleaning efforts, often standing in opposition to the official narrative of “it’s not so bad, you can eat the fish, everything is under control” adopted by the government. Researchers from Federal University of Bahia (UFBA) said that the monitoring of the affected areas need to be sustained for years to come, with periodic, constant analysis, to make sure people are not going into intoxicated zones. Another UFBA researcher said that governments do not want to call much attention because a case like this affects tourism, but there are health issues, both to who goes to the beaches and to those that make a living fishing in these regions”.

A research group at UFBA investigated 38 marine animals from the spill  areas and found oil in their digestive systems; although the level of  toxicity was not yet clear, health officials advised people to avoid consuming fish and seafood from the affected regions. Researchers made clear that the damage is serious and will last decades. 

By November, there was research about the oil spill ongoing at Federal Universities in Pernambuco,  Rio de Janeiro, Ceará, Alagoas and Bahia. The engagement of the Federal Universities and public research centers  is especially relevant as they have also been a target of the dismantling, anti-science policies of Bolsonaro’s presidency, facing budget cuts above 30% and being targeted by fake news coming from the Ministry of Education.  

Sources:
Greenpeace is targeted with fake news by Minister of the Environment

24/10/19

Crédito: Twitter

24 Oct 19

Greenpeace is targeted with fake news by Minister of the Environment

The Minister of Environment took to Twitter to diffuse fake news amid the oil spill crisis. He posted a picture of the Greenpeace ship MV Esperanza along with a text that read: “There are coincidences in life…It seems that the #greenpixe ship was fitly sailing international waters in front of the Brazilian coast right around the time of the venezuelan oil spill…”. 

The infamous tweet generated a lot of backlash towards the Minister. Deputy Rodrigo Maia, President of the Chamber of Deputies, also used Twitter to challenge Minister Salles on presenting an official position about the accusation. Salles then responded Maia by attacking Greenpeace from a different angle: “the Greenpeace ship confirmed that it sailed close to the Brazilian coast by the time the Venezuelan oil showed up, and, just like their members on land, did not engage to help”. 

Later on the same day, Greenpeace  published a note clarifying that the ship was en route from the Caribbean to Uruguay and announced that the filing of a diffamation criminal complaint against Minister Salles at a Federal court.

Sources:
Federal Prosecution Office calls out ineffectiveness of government on oil crisis

Bolsonaro raised unfounded suspicions about the origin of the oil

Crédito: Isac Nóbrega/PR/via CC BY 2.0

19 Oct 19

Federal Prosecution Office calls out ineffectiveness of government on oil crisis

On a live streaming on Facebook on the 18th, president Bolsonaro raised  the possibility that the oil spill affecting the  Northeast may have been done on purpose, aiming to jeopardize the mega oil auction scheduled to happen in November. Sitting with the Minister of Defense, Bolsonaro said: “Coincidence or not, we have an upcoming auction (…).  I ask myself, and we have to be  responsible when we  speak up: could it have been a criminal action to affect this auction? The question is  up in the air“. He once again affirmed that the origin of the oil is Venezuela.  

On the same day, the Federal Prosecution Office filed an action asking Justice to oblige the Federal Government to activate the National Contingency Plan for Oil Pollution Incidents within 24 hours. The urgent request aimed at increasing the efforts to combat the oil spill affecting the Northeast, as MPF considered the government “omissive, inert, ineffective and inefficient ” with regards to the incident. One of the reasonable explanations for the delays and limitations of the government’s response might be in the fact that, earlier in April, president Bolsonaro extinguished, via the presidential decree that deleted several social councils and expert chambers, two technical committees responsible for implementing the National Contingency Plan for Oil Pollution Incidents.

By mid-October, a  IBAMA report showed that 178 beaches in 72 different  cities in all 9 Northeast states had been affected by the crude oil patches. They also reported about finding 29 marine animals with oil, of which 15 turtles and 2  seabirds. The oil spill was classified as the largest  environmental accident in the country in terms of extension, with 2,100 km of oil patches from Bahia to Maranhão.

Sources:
Oil patches advance threatening protected areas

Oil fixated in coral reef in the coast of the state of Alagoas

Crédito: Pedro Pereira/ICMBio

17 Oct 19

Oil patches advance threatening protected areas

Ibama’s president confirmed during a hearing at the Senate that the crude oil spilled in the Northeast originated in Venezuela. “This oil is Venezuelan. The DNA is Venezuelan. It’s a certainty, it’s an affirmation, it’s not speculation. Does it mean that Venezuela is responsible for the spill? No, this is another matter,” he said. On the same day, oil patches reached parts of the Coral Coast Environmental Protected Area, the largest coastal conservation unit in Brazil. The 400,000 hectares area is located between Northeast states of Alagoas and Pernambuco, with 120 km of beaches and mangroves. A 3m diameter oil patch was  spotted arriving in the region, the largest  patch detected so far. A task force with local residents,  city, state and federal personnel  installed contention barriers and did clean up work  on  the beaches.

Sources:

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